Host Plants of Diaprepes Root Weevil and Their Implications to the Regulatory Process
S. E. Simpson1, H. N. Nigg2, and J. L. Knapp2
1Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
Division of Plant Industry
3027 Lake Alfred Road
Winter Haven, Florida 33881
2University of Florida
Citrus Research and Education Center
700 Experiment Station Road
Lake Alfred, Florida 33850
Agricultural agencies in the United States have been charged with a mission of preventing exotic pest infestations. This mission protects agriculture, the environment and our citizens from the damaging effects of plant pests. Accomplishment of this mission and satisfying the need for equitable trade is a major challenge. For almost four decades, Diaprepes root weevil has presented major challenges for Florida agriculture. From the early attempts to eradicate to present nursery quarantines, Diaprepes root weevil is a daunting and long term pest of many agronomic crops grown in Florida and the United States. Today, part of preventing the long distance spread of Diaprepes root weevil and a basic strategy used in regulatory pest control is the restriction of movement of known infested host plants.
Diaprepes root weevil is a polyphagus feeder (Simpson et. al., 1996) and has the potential to be a major pest to Florida's 6.11 billion dollar agricultural industry (Table 1). The 1998 cash value of Florida crops that are known hosts of Diaprepes is 4.2 billion dollars (Table 1). Presently, Diaprepes abbreviatus infests approximately 140,000 acres in twenty-two Florida counties. The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry has conducted regulatory actions for this pest since the first Diaprepes root weevil detection in Florida in 1964. The first detected weevil was an adult female collected on the foliage of a citrus tree growing in a small citrus nursery located in northwest Orange county. The regulatory process began at this point and continues today. Presently, the regulatory process restricts the movement of all plants where any life stage of the Diaprepes root weevil is detected.
In 1968 large numbers of adult and larval Diaprepes were detected and efforts were directed to quarantine and eradication of this imported and exotic pest (FDACS, 1968-1970). In 1968 approximately 5000 acres (3500 acres of citrus) were quarantined. In 1974 this quarantine area was extended to 32,640 acres (10,201 acres were citrus). During this period, larval quarantine treatments were aerial applications of granular heptachlor at 3 lb ai/ac, granular chlordane at 5 lb ai/ac with ground applications of dieldrin at 5 lb ai/ac. Adult quarantine treatments consisted of Sevin 80%WP at 10 day to two week intervals during adult emergence periods.
In 1976, eradication efforts were suspended due to the concern of potential environmental problems with the use of the persistent pesticides used for control of Diaprepes root weevil. Control and quarantine programs are still in effect today with major emphasis being directed to the development of control and regulatory procedures for all agronomic crops associated with Diaprepes root weevil. The presence or absence of Diaprepes at any given location is directly dependent on the efficacy of available detection technology. Present detection methods rely upon seeing the adults or a labor intensive larval survey in soil associated with host plants. These surveys are dependent upon the time of year when adults are active or even the physical location in Florida.
Diaprepes root weevil nursery quarantines are authorized by Florida Statutes 581 and Rule 5B-2.0025, Certification and Quarantine of Nursery Stock. This action regulates plant pests of limited distribution in Florida that require immediate action. All nursery stock infested or exposed to Diaprepes root weevil is quarantined and will not be eligible for certification until required treatments are conducted. A Diaprepes Compliance Agreement is established with the grower that prescribes regulatory treatment procedures or actions that must be complied with. Treatments are for adult, larva and egg control. If any life form of a Diaprepes root weevil is detected in a nursery, the nursery is quarantined. Presently, there are 179 nurseries located in 11 counties that are quarantined for the presence of Diaprepes. If a prospective buyer is interested in purchasing plants from a nursery and has concerns about Diaprepes existing in the nursery, the Diaprepes status of the nursery is available by contacting the Division of Plant Industry in Gainesville, Florida.
For regulatory purposes, host plants can be defined as plants suitable for support of any stage of the life cycle. The 293 host plants, listed in Table 2, have been observed supporting at least one stage of the life cycle of Diaprepes root weevil. Numerous host plants are considered tropical and are planted in exterior landscapes of South Florida and the Caribbean. These same plants are also used in interior landscapes for shopping malls, businesses, and residents throughout Florida. Dracena (Dracena marginata Lam.), a native of West Africa that has multiple slender stems with colorful clustered sword-shaped leaves, is planted as an exterior shrub in South Florida and also has numerous interior landscape uses, e.g., doctors' and dentists' offices. This plant supports all life stages of the Diaprepes root weevil.
Without adequate and reliable attractants, regulatory detection of Diaprepes is dependent upon host plant surveys. Previous attempts at development of traps and attractants for this weevil are not considered sufficient to recommend as a survey technique for regulatory purposes (Bevers et al., 1979; Schroeder and Jones,1983; Schroeder and Jones,1984). Host plants provide a source of needed sustenance, cover and concealment from predators, and locations for the female to deposit eggs. These basic behavioral characteristics which the host plant provides, enables us to visually detect the presence of adults and other life stages.
Genetic studies of nine geographically distant Florida populations indicate that D. abbreviatus has generally remained in the locality of their original introduction and have limited dispersal to new areas (Bas et al., 2000). The most likely means of spread of D. abbreviatus is on infected plant material. Adults are strong fliers but have been observed to fly relatively short distances. It should come as no surprise that Diaprepes root weevil is difficult to regulate. When an insect has almost 300 hosts (Table 2), many of which occur or are grown in Florida the regulatory picture is murky indeed. For instance pigeon pea is found in many of Florida's agriculture regions. Add all of the citrus varieties, holly, chinaberry, banana, avocado, various beans, a few palms, wax myrtle, guava, and a castor bean. These form a formidable list of life cycle hosts and partial life cycle hosts which occur in the wild and as ornamentals.
The regulatory process basically restricts the movement of host plants or plant parts which contain any life stage of Diaprepes root weevils.
References Cited
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27. Schroeder, W. J., R. A. Hamlen and J. B. Beavers. 1979. Survival of Diaprepes abbreviatus larvae on selected native and ornamental Florida plants. Fla. Entomol. 62:309-312.
28. Schroeder, W. J., and I. F. Jones. 1983. Capture of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in traps: effects of location in a citrus tree and wick material for release of attractant. J. Econ. Entomol. 76:1312-1314.
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34. Tucker, R.W.E. 1939. The control of Diaprepes abbreviatus L. and Lachnosterna (Phytalus) Smithi, Arrow, in Barbados surveyed over a period of eleven years. Dept. Sci. and Agric., Barbados 8:8-18.
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Table 1. Florida farm cash receipts for crops that are known hosts of Diaprepes root weevil.1
| Commodity | Cash Receipts 1997 |
|---|---|
| Citrus (oranges and grapefruit) | $1,376,228,000 |
| Environmental Horticulture (foliage and woody ornamental) | $523,830,000 |
| Field Crops (corn, cotton, sugarcane, and tobacco) | $649,387,000 |
| Fruits and Nuts (avocado, mango and others) | $57,186,000 |
| Vegetables, Melons, Berries (cabbage, carrots, cucumber, and tomato) | $1,594,564,000 |
| Total | $4,201,195,000.00 |
| Total farm cash receipts for all agricultural products, 1997 | $6,119,914,000.00 |
1Taken from Florida Agricultural Facts, 1998 Edition, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
Table 2. Host plants associated with Diaprepes root weevil.
| Scientific name | Common name | Detection type and locationz |
|---|---|---|
| zLegend at end of table. | ||
| Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (synonym: Hibiscus esculentus) | Okra | AC [7] |
| Acacia sp. | Acacia | AC [12] |
| Acer rubrum L. | Red maple | AC [7] |
| Acnistus arborescens Schlecht. | Galán arbóreo | AF [8] |
| Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. | Bael | AF [34] |
| Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle | Chevalier's aeglopsis | AF [34] |
| Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle)Engl. | Gabon powder flask | AF [34] |
| Afraegle paniculata (Schurn.) Engl. | Nigerian powder flask | AF [34] |
| Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth. | Amor platónice, woman's tongue | AF [8] |
| Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. (synonym: Aloe barbadensis)a | Aloe | L [9] |
| Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. | Ragweed | AC [12] |
| Amyris balsamifera L. | Sea amyris | AF [34] |
| Andira inermis (W. Wright) Kunth ex DC. (synonym: Andira jamaicensis) | Moca, coffee shade | AF [8, 11] |
| Apium graveolens L. | Celery | AF [33] |
| Arachis hypogaea L. | Ground nut, peanut | AF, AC, ED, L [2, 6, 11] |
| Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft | apio, apio tuberoso, arracacha | AF, ED, L [35] |
| Ardisia crenata Simsa | Coralberry, coral ardisia | L [9] |
| Ardisia crispa (Thunb.) A. DC. | Christmas berry | AC [7] |
| Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer (synonym: A. speciosa) | Cephalic vine, wooly morning glory, elephant climber | AF, ED [11] |
| Atalantia sp. | Atalantia | AF [34] |
| Azadirachta indica A. Juss. | Neem tree | AC [12] |
| Baccharis halimifolia L. | Groundsel bush, salt bush | AC [7] |
| Bauhinia purpurea L. | Orchid tree | AC [12] |
| Bauhinia sp. | Orchid tree | AC, AF [12] |
| Bauhinia variegata L. | Orchid tree | AC [12] |
| Bischofia javanica Blume | Bishop's wood, toog | AC [12] |
| Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus (synonym: Andropogon pertusus) | Pitted bluestem | L [2] |
| Brassica sp. | Mustard | AF [17] |
| Brysonima spicata (Cav.) Kunth | Maricao | AF |
| Bucida buceras L. | Black-olive, oxhorn bucida | AF, AC [12] |
| Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. | Gumbo limbo | AF, AC [34] |
| Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) HBK | Maricao | AF [34] |
| Caesalpinia mexicana A. Gray | Caesalpinia | AC [12] |
| Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth (synonym: Cajanus indicus) | Pigeon pea, gondul | AF, AC [13, 5, 2] |
| Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Stapf (synonym: Callistemon lanceolatus) | Lemon bottlebrush | AC [12] |
| Calophyllum sp. | Calophyllum | AF [12] |
| Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. | Sword bean, jack bean | AF [32] |
| Capsicum annuum L. | Pepper | AC, L [1, 12] |
| Carica papaya L. | papaya | AF, L, ED [37] |
| Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet | Pignut hickory | AC [7] |
| Carya illinoinensis (Wagemh.) K. Koch | Pecan | AC [12] |
| Casimiroa edulis La Llave | White sapote | AF [34] |
| Casimiroa tetrameria Millsp. | Wooly white sapote | AF [34] |
| Cassia sp. (This genus has had many other genera split off, including: Chamaecrista, Senna) | Cassia | AC [12] |
| Cedrela odorata L. (synonym: Cedrela mexicana) | Cedro espanol, cigar-box cedar | AF [8] |
| Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. | Ceiba, kapok | AF [8, 11] |
| Celtis laevigata Willd. | Sugarberry, hackberry | AC [7, 12] |
| Centrosema pubesens Benth. | Butterfly-pea | AF [10] |
| Cestrum diurnum L. | Day jasmine, day cestrum | AC [12] |
| Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H. Wendl. | Areca palm, butterfly palm | AC [12] |
| Chrysobalanus icaco L. | Cocoplum, icaco | AF, AC [8, 10] |
| Chrysophyllum cainito L. | Star apple, caimito | AF [8] |
| Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. | Satin leaf | AC, AF [34] |
| Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman | Gillet's cherry orange | AF [34] |
| Citrus amblycarpa Ochse | Nasnaran mandarin | AF [34] |
| Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle | Giant Key lime | AF [34] |
| Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle | Citrus of Moi lime | AF [34] |
| Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle | Persian lime | AF [34] |
| Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle 'Davao' | Lime | AF [34] |
| Citrus aurantifolia | Alemow (synonym: Citrus macrophylla) | L [31] |
| Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle | Lime | AF, AC, ED, L [12, 14] |
| Citrus aurantium L. 'Bouquet' | Sour orange | AF [34] |
| Citrus aurantium L. 'Chinotto' | Sour orange | AF [34] |
| Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit. 'Bergamont' | Bergamot | AF [34] |
| Citrus depressa Hay | Shekwasha mandarin | AF [34] |
| Citrus grandis L. Osbeck | Pummelo | AC [12] |
| Citrus grandis L. X Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. | Pummelo x trifoliate orange (2N) | L [31] |
| Citrus grandis L. X Poncirus trifoliata L. | Pummelo x trifoliate orange (4N) | L [31] |
| Citrus hystrix DC. | Caffre lime | AF [34] |
| Citrus ichangensis (Swing.) | Ichang papeda | AF [34] |
| Citrus jambhiri Lushington hybrid | Milam lemon | L [9] |
| Citrus jambhiri 'Rough Lemon' | Rough lemon | L [9] |
| Citrus limettioides Tan 'Palestine' | Sweet lime | AF [34] |
| Citrus limettioides Tan | Sweet lime | AF [34] |
| Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. 'Bearss' | Lemon | AF [34] |
| Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. 'Baboon' | Lemon | AF [34] |
| Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. 'Ponderosa' | Lemon | AF [34] |
| Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. 'Cameron Highlands' | Lemon | AF [34] |
| Citrus macroptera Montr. | Melanesian papeda | AF [34] |
| Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. | Pummelo | AF [34] |
| Citrus medica L. 'Acida' | Acid citron | L [15] |
| Citrus medica L. 'Etrog' | Etrog citron | AF [34] |
| Citrus medica L. var. Sarcodactylis (Noot.) Swingle | Buddha's hand | AF [34] |
| Citrus meyeri Tan. | Meyer lemon | AF [34] |
| Citrus obovoidea Hort. ex Takahashi | Kinkoji | AF [34] |
| Citrus reticulata | Tangerine, mandarin | AF [12] |
| Citrus reticulata 'Sunburst' | Mandarin, tangerine | AF, AC [12] |
| Citrus reticulata X Citrus x paradisi | Orlando tangelo | AC [12] |
| Citrus reticulata 'Silver Hill' | Satsuma | AF [34] |
| Citrus reticulata Blanco 'Cleopatra' | Cleopatra mandarin | L [31] |
| Citrus reticulata 'Robinson' | Mandarin, tangerine | AC [12] |
| Citrus reticulata hybrid Blanco 'Murcott' | Murcott mandarin | AC [12] |
| Citrus reticulata hybrid 'Temple' | Temple mandarin | AC [12] |
| Citrus sinensis 'Valencia' | Valencia sweet orange | AC [12] |
| Citrus sinensis 'Hamlin' | Hamlin sweet orange | AF, AC [12] |
| Citrus sinensis 'Parson Brown' | Parson Brown sweet orange | AC [12] |
| Citrus sinensis hybrid 'Ambersweet' [(C. reticulata 'Clementine' X Citrus x tangelo 'Orlando') X Citrus sinensis] | Hybrid orange | AC [12] |
| Citrus sinensis cultivar | Navel orange | AF, AC [12] |
| Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck | Orange | L [16] |
| Citrus sp. | Citrus | AC, ED, L [1, 10] |
| Citrus tachibana (Mak.) Tan | Tachibana mandarin | AF [34] |
| Citrus tachibana (Mak.) Tan | Kinokuni mandarin | AF [34] |
| Citrus x paradisi 'Marsh' | A seedless grapefruit, Marsh grapefruit | AF [12] |
| Citrus x limonia Osbeck 'Volkamer' | Lemon | AF [34] |
| Citrus x paradisi | Grapefruit | AF, ED, L [1] |
| Citrus x paradisi Macfad. cultivar | Red grapefruit | AF, AC, ED, L [12] |
| Citrus x paradisi Madfad. 'McCarty' | McCarty grapefruit | AF [34] |
| Citrus x limonia Osbeck | Rangpur lime | AF [34] |
| Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels | Wampee | AF [34] |
| Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze | Tube-flower, turk's turban | AC [7] |
| Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. | Sea grape | AF, AC [8, 12] |
| Coffea arabica L. | Coffee | AF [11] |
| Conocarpus erectus L. variety sericeus Fors. ex DC. | Silver buttonwood | AF, AC [12] |
| Conocarpus erectus L. | Botoncillo, buttonwood, green buttonwood | AF, AC [12, 8] |
| Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken | Capá prieto, laurel negro | AF [8] |
| Cordia lineata (L.) Roem. & Schult. (synonym: C. corymbosa) | None | AF [10] |
| Cordia sebestena L. | Geiger tree | AC [11] |
| Crotalaria sp. | Rattlebox | L [33] |
| Cupaniopsis anacardioides (A.Rich.) Radlk. | Carrotwood | AF, AC [12] |
| Cupressus sempervirens L. | Italian cypress | AC [7] |
| Cyperus sp. | Nut grass | L [33] |
| Delonix regia (Bojer) Raf. | Royal poinciana | AF [8] |
| Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC. | A beggarweed | AC [7] |
| Dimocarpus longan Lour. (synonym: Euphoria longan) | Longan | AF, AC [12] |
| Dioscorea batatas Decne. | Yam | AF [17] |
| Dioscorea x cayenensis Lam. (synonym: Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) | Yellow yam | AC, L [17, 18] |
| Diospyros digyna Jacq. (synonym: Diospyros ebenaster Hort.) | Black sapote | AF, AC [12] |
| Diospyros sp. | Wild persimmon | AC [7] |
| Diospyrus virginiana L. | Wild or common persimmon | AC, L [9, 12] |
| Dracaena cincta Bak. `Tricolor' (synonym: Dracaena marginata tricolor) | Dracaena rainbow | ED, L [12] |
| Dracaena compacta Schott, Nyman & Kotschy | A dracaena | ED, L [12] |
| Dracaena deremensis Engl. 'Janet Craig' | Janet Craig dracaena | AC [12] |
| Dracaena marginata Lam. | Dragon tree | AF, AC, ED, L [19, 12] |
| Dracaena sanderiana Hort. Sander ex M.T. Mast | Ribbon plant, Belgian evergreen | AC, L [12] |
| Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl.) Swing. | Lime, Australian desert | AF [34] |
| Eremocitrus hybrid | Eremocitrus X Skekwasha mandarin | AF [34] |
| Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. | Loquat | AF, AC [12] |
| Erythrina berteroana Urban | Bucare, machete, coralillo | AF [8] |
| Erythrina folkersii Krukoff & Moldenke | Gallito | AF [32] |
| Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook | Bucare, mountain immortelle | AF [8] |
| Eugenia uniflora L. | Surinam-cherry | AC, AF, ED, L [12] |
| Feijoa sellowiana O. Berg | Pineapple guava | AC, AF [7] |
| Ficus benjamina L. | Weeping fig | AC [12] |
| Ficus citrifolia P. Miller (synonym: Ficus laevigata) | Short-leaved fig, jagüey | ED [20] |
| Ficus retusa L. | Cuban laurel, Indian laurel fig | AC [12] |
| Ficus sp. | Wild fig | ED [1] |
| Ficus stahlii Warb. | Jagüey | AF [8] |
| Fortunella crassifolia Swingle | Meiwa kumquat | AF [34] |
| Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle 'Marumi' | Round kumquat | AF [34] |
| Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle 'Centennial' | Oval kumquat | AF [34] |
| Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle 'Nagami' | Oval kumquat | AF [34] |
| Fortunella polyandra (Ridl.) Tan | Tropical kumquat | AF [34] |
| Fortunella sp. | Kumquat | AC [12] |
| Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex (synonym: Gliricidia maculata) | Pea tree, madre de cacao, Nicaraguan cocoa-shade | AF [8, 17] |
| Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) Correa | Toothpick glycosmis | AF [34] |
| Gossypium spp. | Cotton | AC, AF [17, 33] |
| Guaiacum officinale L. | Lignum-vitae, guayacan | AF [8] |
| Guapira fragrans (Dum.-Cours.) Little (synonyms: Pisonia fragrans; Torrubia fragrans) | Corcho prieto | AF [8] |
| Guarea trichilioides L. | Guaraguao | AF [8] |
| Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. | Guácima, bastard cedar, white elm | AF [8] |
| Haematoxylum campechianum L. | Bloodwood tree | AF [8] |
| Hemerocallis sp. | Day-lily | AC [7] |
| Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. | Hibiscus, Chinese hibiscus | AC [12] |
| Hoya carnosa (L. f.) R.Br. | Wax plant | L [9] |
| Ilex syderoxyloides (Sw.) Griseb. | Gongoli | AF [8] |
| Ilex cassine L. | Dahoon holly | AC, AF [12] |
| Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxt. 'Burfordii' | Burford holly | AC [12] |
| Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxt. | Chinese holly | AC [7] |
| Ilex glabra (L.) A. Gray | Gallberry | AC [7] |
| Ilex sp. | Holly | AC [12] |
| Ilex vomitoria Ait. | Yaupon holly | AC [7] |
| Ilex x attenuata Ashe 'East Palatka' | Hybrid holly | AC, AF [7] |
| Illicium anisatum L. | Anise | AC [7] |
| Indigofera hirsuta L. | Hairy indigo | AF [7] |
| Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. | Guamá, palal, paternillo | AF [8] |
| Inga spuria Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (synonym: Inga vera) | Guaba, cuajinicuil | AF [8] |
| Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. | Sweet potato | AF, AC, ED, L [2, 11, 13] |
| Jatropha curcas L. | Physic nut | AF [17] |
| Juniperus conferta Parl. | Shore juniper | L [9] |
| Juniperus virginiana L | Red-cedar, eastern red-cedar | AC, L [9, 12] |
| Juniperus x media Van Melle 'Pfitzeriana' (synonym: Juniperus chinensis variety pfitzeriana) | Pfitzer juniper | AC [7] |
| Juniperus x media Van Melle 'Hetzii' (synonym: Juniperus chinensis variety hetzi) | Hetz juniper, Hetz blue juniper | AC [7] |
| Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Hook & Arn. | Caltrop | AC, AF [33] |
| Koelreuteria elegans (Seem.) A. C. Small | Golden rain tree | AC [12] |
| Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet (synonym: Dolichos lablab) | Bonavist bean, hyacinth bean | AF, AC [13, 11] |
| Lagerstrocmia speciosa (L.) Pers. | Queen's crape-myrtle | AF [8] |
| Lagerstroemia indica L. | Crape-myrtle | AC [7] |
| Limonia acidissima L. | Wood apple | AF [34] |
| Liriope sp. | Lilyturf | L [9] |
| Lonchocarpus domingensis (Turp.) DC. | Genogeno, lancepod | AF [8] |
| Lonchocarpus latifolius (Willd.) DC. | Hediondo, lancepod | AF [8] |
| Magnolia virginiana L. | Sweet-bay | AC [7] |
| Mangifera indica L. | Mango | AF, ED [11] |
| Manihot esculenta Cranz | Yuca, cassava, manioc, tapioca | AC, L [1, 21, 17] |
| Manilkara roxburghiana (Wight) Dubard | Mimusops | AC [12] |
| Manilkara zapota (L.) Van Royen | Sapodilla | AF, AC [34] |
| Maranta leuconeura E. Morr. | Prayer plant | L [5] |
| Melia azedarach L. | Chinaberry tree | AC [7] |
| Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. | Quenepa, Spanish lime, genip | AF [8, 12] |
| Microcitrus australasica (F.J. Muel.) Swingle | Australian finger lime | AF [34] |
| Microcitrus australis (Planch.) Swingle | Australian round lime | AF [34] |
| Microcitrus papuana H. F. Winters | New Guinea lime | AF [34] |
| Mimosa ceratonia L. | Zarza | AF [10] |
| Montezuma speciosissima Mocino & Sessé ex DC. | Maga | AF [8] |
| Mucuna deeringiana (Bort.) Merr. | Velvet bean, Bengal bean, Florida velvet bean | AF [33] |
| Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel | Curry leaf | AF [34] |
| Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack | Orange jasmine | AF, AC [34] |
| Musa sp. | Banana | AF [33] |
| Myrcianthes simpsonii (Small) K. A. Wils. (synonym: Eugenia simpsoni) | Simpson's stopper | AF, AC [34] |
| Myrica cerifera L. | Wax-myrtle | AC [7] |
| Naringi crenulata (Roxb.) Nicholson | Hesperethusa | AF [34] |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. | Tobacco | AC [6] |
| Octoea portoricensis Mez | -- | AF [8] |
| Pamburus missionis (Wight) Swingle | Pamburas | AF [34] |
| Panicum maximum Jacq. | Guineagrass | ED [1] |
| Passiflora incarnata L. | Maypop | AC [7] |
| Passiflora sp. | Passionfruit | AF [22] |
| Persea americana Mill. | Avocado, aguacate | AF [10] |
| Persea americana Mill. variety americana (synonym: Persea gratissima) | Avocado, aguacate | AF [8, 17] |
| Phaseolus lunatus L. | Lima bean, haba lima | L [1] |
| Phaseolus sp. | Bean | AC [7] |
| Phaseolus sp. | String bean | AC [23] |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. | String bean, kidney bean, navy bean, etc. | AF, L [33] |
| Phoenix dactylifera L. | Date palm | AF [24] |
| Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien | Pygmy date palm | AC [12] |
| Pimenta racemosa (Miller) J.W. Moore (synonym: Amomis caryophyllata) | Bay-rum tree | AF [8, 10] |
| Piper sp. | Pepper (black) | L [1] |
| Pithcellobium sp. | L [2, 11] | |
| Pithcellobium unguis-cati (L.) Benth. | Bread and cheese, catclaw, black Jessie | L [33] |
| Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait. f. | Chinese pittosporum | AC [7] |
| Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco (synonym: Thuja orientalis) | Oriental arborvitae | AC [12] |
| Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. 'Flying Dragon' X Citrus grandis 'Nakorn' ('Nakorn' probably should be: 'Kao Pan') | 'Flying Dragon' x 'Nakorn' | L [31] |
| Pongamia Pinnata (L.) Pierre | Pongam | AF, AC [12] |
| Prunus caroliniana (Mill.) Ait. | Carolina cherry-laurel | AC [12] |
| Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | Peach | AC [7] |
| Prunus sp. | Wild cherry | AC [7] |
| Psidium guajava L. | Common guava, guayaba | AF [8, 12] |
| Psidium littorale Raddi (synonym: Psidium cattleianum) | Cattley guava | AC [12] |
| Psidium sp. | Guava | AF, AC [11, 17] |
| Pueraria Montana (Lour.) Merr. variety lobata (Willd.) Maesen& S. Almeida (synonym: Pueraria thunbergiana) | Kudzu vine | AC [7] |
| Pyrus communis L. | Pear | AC [7] |
| Quercus laurifolla Michaux | Swamp laurel oak | AC [7] |
| Quercus virginiana Mill. | Live oak | AF, AC [7] |
| Rhizophora mangle L. | Mangrove, red mangrove | AF, AC [12] |
| Rhus copallina L. | Winged sumac | AC [7] |
| Ricinus communis L. | Castor-bean, palma-christi | AF [1,17 ] |
| Rosa spp. | Rose | AC [7] |
| Roystonea regia (Kunth) Cook | Royal palm | AC [12] |
| Rubus argutus Link (synonym: Rubus betulifolius) | Blackberry | AC [7, 12] |
| Saccharum officinarum L. | Sugarcane | AF, AC, ED, L [4, 11, 12, 13] |
| Salix humboldtiana L. | Humboldt's willow | AF [32] |
| Schefflera actinophylla (Endl.) Harms | Schefflera | AF, L [7, 12] |
| Schefflera arboricola (Hay.) Kanehira | Dwarf schefflera | AC [12] |
| Schefflera elegantissima (Vietch)Lowry & Frodin (synonym: Dizygotheca elegantissima) | False aralia | L [9] |
| Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi | Brazilian pepper tree | AF [25] |
| Schrankia leptocarpa DC. (synonym: Leptoglottis portoricensis) | Zarzilla | AF [8] |
| Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby (synonyms: Cassia obtusifolia; C. tora) | Sicklepod, coffeeweed | AF [10] |
| Senna surattensis Burm. f. | A senna | AC [12] |
| Severinia buxifolia (Poiret) Ten. | Chinese box orange | AF [34] |
| Severinia disticha (Blanco) Swingle | Philippine box orange | AF [34] |
| Solanum melongena L. | Eggplant | AC, AF, L [1, 12, 17] |
| Solanum tuberosum L. | Potato | AF [12] |
| Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. bicolor cultivars | Guinea corn | AF, AC, ED, L [2, 4, 11, 17] |
| Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ssp. bicolor (synonym: Sorghum vulgare) | Sorghum | AF, ED, L [11, 10, 17, 1] |
| Spondias mombin L. | Jobo | AF, AC, ED [8, 11] |
| Spondias mombin L. (synonym: S. lutea) | Yellow mombin, lobo | AF, L [10] |
| Spondias purpurea L. | Hog plum | AF [33] |
| Swietenia macrophylla King | Caoba de Honduras, Honduras mahogany | AF [8] |
| Swietenia mahagoni Jacq. | Mahogany | AF, AC, L [8, 12, 26] |
| Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr. | Tabog | AF [34] |
| Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston | Rose apple | AF [12] |
| Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Moore (synonym: Tabebuia argentea) | Silver trumpet tree | AC [12] |
| Tamarindus indica L. | Tamarind, tamarindo, Indian date | AF [12] |
| Tephrosia candida DC. | AF [27] | |
| Terminalia catappa L. | Tropical-almond | AF, AC [8, 28] |
| Theobroma cacao L. | Cacao, cocoa | L [29] |
| Triphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wilson | Myrtle lime | AF [34] |
| Triplaris sp. | Triplaria | AF [8] |
| Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. | Chinese elm | AC [7] |
| Urena lobata L. | Caesar weed, Congo jute | L [33] |
| Veitchia merrillii (Becc.) H.E. Moore | Adonidia palm, Christmas palm | L [12] |
| Vigna adenantha (G.F.W. Meyer) Marechal, Mascherpa & Stanier (synonym: Phaseolus adenantha) | Wild bean, habichuela cimarrona | AF [10] |
| X Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands | Calamondin | AF [34] |
| X Citroncirus | Citrangequat hybrid | AF [34] |
| X Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram& H.E. Moore `Troyer' (Citrus sinensis X Poncirus trifoliata) | Carrizo citrange | L [31] |
| X Citroncirus `Swingle' (Citrus x paradisi X Poncirus trifoliata) | Swingle citrumelo | L [31] |
| Ximenia americana L. | Hog plum | AF [33] |
| Zanthoxylum americanum P. Mill | Toothache tree | AC [12] |
| Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam. | Espino rubial, prickly yellow | AF [8] |
| Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L. | Prickly ash, Hercules'-club | AC [7] |
| Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg | Prickly ash | AF [34] |
| Zea mays L. | Maize, corn, Indian corn | AF, AC, ED, L [1, 2, 13, 30, 35, 2, 1, 10] |
| AC, adult collection; AF, adult feeding observed; ED, egg masses observed on plant; L, larvae observed on plant roots. | ||
| 1, Wolcott 1936; 2, Tucker 1939; 3, Anonymous 1909; 4, Nowell 1912; 5, Earle 1928; 6, Myers 1931; 7, Griffith 1975; 8, Martorell 1945; 9, Schroeder et al, 1979; 10, Jones 1915; 11, Watson 1904; 12, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1964--1994; 13, Ballou 1912; 14, Hutson 1917; 15, Skeete 1928; 16, Taylor 1898; 17, Feenah 1947; 18, Oramas et al, 1990; 19, Herbaugh and Mosteller 1980; 20, Leonard 1933; 21, Anonymous 1933; 22, Woodruff 1968; 23, Leonard 1932; 24, Jackson 1963; 25, Cassani 1986; 26, Wolcott 1952; 27, Feenah 1938; 28, Ramos 1946; 29, Anonymous 1908; 30, Ritchie 1916--1917; 31, Shapiro and Gottwald 1995; 32, Wolcott 1933; 33, Fennah 1942; 34, Simpson et al 1996, 35, Franqui, R., 1997, personal communication, 36, Osborn, L., 1997, personal communication, 37, Pena, J., 1999, personal communication. | ||
